)

Qinadas NatioRal Farnv Magaziive

Published Semi-Monthly by The MacLean Publishing Company, Limited, Toronto

MONTREAL Southam BIdg WINNIPEG. 1 103 Union Trust Bldg. VANCOUVER. 39 lOth Ave. West. LONDON. ENC. 88 Fleet St., E. C. 4. NEW YORK. 1 1 1 Broadway. BOSTON. 734 Old South Bldg. CHICAGO. 1401-2 Lytton" BIdg.

VOL. XIV, No. I

TORONTO, JANUARY ist, ^9^9 zo

$1.50 Per Year 10 Cents Per Copy

303 miles over a sea of mud!

A wonderful demonstration of stamina

GAN you imagine a more exacting and convincing test than that of pulling two big "prairie schooners" all the way through the mud, up hill and down dale, for more than three hundred miles?

You are right when you realize that this tractor that can plow its way through such seemingly impossible conditions will stand up against any test any farmer can possibly find on his farm.

This Happy Farmer Tractor left Alton, 111., at 4.20 o'clock Monday afternoon and reached Kansas City, Wednesday at 2.30 p.m. Without a mishap, the caravan did the whole trip with ordinary kerosene.

In their sworn statement the three operators stated that "notwithstanding these really fearful road conditions, there were no repairs or replacements made on the tractor during the entire trip." I ,

And the test was made with a car taken out of stock — not a special tractor for the purpose. What better as- surance could any man possibly desire concerning the stand-up-ability of the Happy Farmer Tractor under all conditions?

The Trip Was Made With a Line Drive

All the way the tractor was driven from the seat of the prairie schooner with lines, just like driving horses.

The significance of a line drive attachment is that, on your farm, you can save the wages of an extra man, and use ordinary implements just like you would with horses. From the seat of the binder, mower, manure spreader, or wagon, you direct the tractor, and start or stop the engine at will.

Don't make the mistake of waiting till spring. You might not get delivery in time for spring plowing. In the general up-trend of prices your tractor may cost you extra money over and above the cost of winter up- keep. And over the winter it will more than pay its keep in belt work by taking the place of a gasoline engine. Remember, too — the Happy Farmer takes the place of three horses.

Write to-day for free illustrated literature full details of Happy Farmer advantages.

givmg

HAPPY PARMBB imACTOB WITH JjINE DaiVE

»wfei/aiu/«.>;;«» /,

The Renfrew Machinery Company, Limited

Head Office and Works: RENFREW, ONT.

Agencies almost everywhere in Canada. Eastern Branch, Sussex, N.B. Quebec Branch, Montreal, Que.

Other Lines : Renfrew Cream Separator — Renfrew Truck Scale

Over 32,000 Copies of This Issue Printed

Because You Like The Flavor

Forget that Chiclets aid diges- tion— take no note of the fact that they sweeten the mouth, keep the teeth clean, satisfy the sweet-tooth craving. Chew Chiclets simply because they are supremely good — because you like the keen, zestful, refreshing peppermint flavor. Give your

fancy full sway — scrunch the dainty, flavor-filled candy-coating between your teeth — enjoy the "Really Delightful" goodness they bring.

In stores everywhere — ten for 5c. For the family — in the gen- erous Week-End box — 25c.

— an Adams product, particularly prepared

Canadian Chewing Gum Co.,

Limited. Toronto, WinnipcR,

Vancouver.

Farmers' Magazine

'SM

You Need a Concrete Silo

This Book Tells You WHY—

Also How to Have One

HARD business sense dictates the feeding of silage, and at the same time emphasizes the importance of keeping silage in a Concrete Silo. Just as silage provides a 100% efficient substitute for pasture-feeding, so the Concrete structure has proved a 100% efficient store-house for the succu- lent palatable food which keeps up the milk flow, and which brings the animals through the long winter in first-class condition. .

The Silo of Concrete is in successful use in every climate where dairy-farming is known — it is the ideal silage container for winter or for summer. It spells crop insurance — in good seasons or bad seasons, it will reduce feeding costs and pay big dividends to the man who invests in one.

It is our ambition to have our book "What the Farmer Can Do With Concrete" in the hands of every farmer in Can- ada. Already over 100,000 of them have read it and profited by it. And one of the most in- teresting and important things they have found in it is the chapter on Silos. It covers this subject very fully and leaves you in no doubt as to the need of a silo, the necessity of build- ing it of Concrete, and how tc

go about the building of one. Following are the Silo essentials; note how Concrete meets those re- quirements.

Airtight and Watertight Walls, to exclude air and retain silage juices. Monolithic concrete silo walls are impervious to air and moisture. Smooth vertical interior walls, allowing the silage to settle uniformly and compactly without forming air pockets. Con- crete silo walls are smooth, without ledges, pockets or projections.

Fireproof — Many monolithic concrete silos have passed through destructive fires without injury to the silo or its contents.

Verminproof — You will find no rats or mice around concrete. They cannot gnaw through it.

Reasonable in Cost — With a con- crete silo the first cost is the last cost. Freedom from repairs, paint- ing and other upkeep expenses makes the concrete silo the cheapest in the long run. It is the most substantial construction known, and it grows stronger with age. Silos built 20 years ago are still as good as new. They require no painting or upkeep of any kind.

Ask for Canada Portland Cement, the uniformly reliable brand. It can be secured from more than 2,000 dealers throughout Canada. If your dealer cannot supply you write our nearest Sales Cffice,

^ •^(•"•.•■•■■■•VW^.

^;:^iPA

ICANADA CLMLNTH^ -^ "«^

JFOR PERMANCNCglt »»

S,^^^^

^<r^^

Caaada Cement Compaay Limited

260 Herald Building Montreal Sales offices at Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Calgary

Farmers' Magazine

Genuine Diamonds

CASH OR CREDIT Twins : $l-$2-$3 Weekly

Write for cetaUfue le-dar

Jacobi Bros. ?^S^

Classified Advertising

THE FARMERS' EXCHANGE

SEMI-MONTHLY

8 cents per word per month

Rates for Classified Ads. — Inser- tions in this column eight cents per word per issue. Each initial, four or less figures in one number count as one word. Name and address is counted as part of the ad. All orders must be accompanied by cash. Forms for the issue close one week preceding each issue. Publication dates are 1st and 15th of the month.

$1500 P^^"T OFF ONE ACBE, BY

an expert. Price, 25 cents. L. Andrews, 430 Niagara St., Victoria, B.C.

BREEDEBS

jyrOUNT VICTORIA PONY STUD, HUD- son Heights, Quebec, make a specialty of breeding ponies and supplying complete outfits. Stock shipped any distance and satisfaction guaranteed. (Jan. 1)

POTATOES WANTED T WANT 30 BAGS COBBLERS, &0 BAOS Green Mountains, New Ontario grown, for seed. Quote best prices f.o.b. your station, to be shipped in spring. Deposit will be paid. Address Box 45. Farmers' Magazine, Toronto.

BOOKS FOR SALE TDBAS ABOUT HOW NEW MONEY can be made on the farm will always At- tract the wideawake farmer. If you want a book that is full to the brim of hints and ideas about farming in every department, send for Making the Farm Pay, by G. C. Bowsfield. It will be mailed to your ad- dress for $1. Write the

TECHNICAL BOOK DEPARTMENT, Address Farmers' Magazine. 153 University Ave., Toronto.

MORE DOLLARS

Y^U CAN MAKE "DOLLARS GROW" out of your spare time. Spare-time efforts have made hundreds of dollars for Farmers' Magazine representatives. To- day there are in Canada men and women who find that our proposition worked for an hour or two daily provides for many of the added luxuries of life. You supply us the time^ — we'll supply you the money. Write for full particulars. The MacLean Publishing Company, Limited, Toronto.

Farmers Magazine

Canadas Natioixal Fariix Maga z ine

Joseph McGoey, Manager F. M. Chapman^ Managing Editor

Associate Editors Ethel M. Chapman Chas. F. Mackenzie, B.S.A.

CONTENTS

Vol. XIV	TORONTO, JANUARY 1, 1920	No. 1
Editorial . .		... 10

POLITICAL AND FEATURE SPECIALS

From Poverty to Millions in Six Years Mackenzie Hall 5

The U.F.O. Settles Down to Bu.siness . .Eluid Kester 6 Ontario's Educational Needs Are Basic

Peter Sandiford 8

Ontario's Dark Horse May Be White 11

Rural Economics As a University Study

Prof. W. T. Jackman 15

AGRICULTURAL SPECIALS

Alsike Seed Grown in Haldimand A. C. Pulver 9

Co-operative Markets the Cure for Northern Ontario

John McMurphy 9

Livestock Shows That Develop Better Types 13

The Livestock Breeder's Biggest Problem

C. F. Mackenzie 16

Rabbits and Hares E. I. Farrington 16

Does the Fall Litter Pay? G. B. Rothwell 17

The Importance of Sounds in Gas Engines

L. G. Heimpel, B.S.A. 40 A Resume of Canada's Livestock Trade for 1919

Chas. Hetherington 44

Educating Americans to Our Fruit. ... G. W. Echlin 32

STORIES AND SERIALS

The Battle of Robin Hood Bay 7

The Valley of the Giants Peter B. Kyne 12

The Iron Jinx B. J. Paulson 18

The Idyl of Twin Fires Walter Prichard Eaton 22

THE HOME AND WOMEN'S INTERESTS

The Women's Rural Institutes of Scotland

By Emily J. Guest 14

Books for Winter Reading 26

Warm and Wearable Togs for Winter 28

The Two Sides of the Kitchen Genevieve 29

U.F.W.O. Discuss. Problems of Country Life

Genevieve 30

REGULAR DEPARTMENTS

Investments and Insurance 3

Fur Farming 31

Livestock 32

Farm Engineering 40

Poultry 38

Fruit Growing 40

No agent for the MacLean JEhiblishing Company is authorized to take subscriptions to other publications than those specified in his credential from this Company. He will gladly show his credential on reciuest. In subscribing, see that your receipt is on our printed receipt form. We are not responsible for agents who cannot supply you witih a proper receipt.

Publi»h«1 S<'Tnl->nontMy on the First anfl Fifteenth of Each Month.

THE MACLEAN PUBLISHING CO., LIMITED

143-153 University Avenue, TORONTO, CANADA

JOHN BAV.NE MACILEAN. President H. T. RfNTER. Vice-President.

H. v. TYRRKI.I.. Oenpral ManaKcr.

LONDON UNO THE M.»'~^ " ' ^' ^o"r' • ' v riT- OREAT BRITAIN, LTD., 88 FLEET 8TRBET, E.C. „

Bn<vr"i nvn "V^ ■ M^nt-nnl '^....th '■ '-v ■« PUnrv "^frpet: WinTii'>ee.

IKB Union Tmst BuUding; New York. Room 620. Ill Brod-lwav. rhicnto \m Lvttnn Riiilding: Vanco<iver, 38 Tenth Ave. Wrat; Boston, 734 Old South Blinding. , , ...-,.

SDBSmiPTION PRinr^raTiBda. Or<>nt Britain, Sn.'th A'rirj an^ ♦>!<> ^o^t Tndlca. tl.sn s vpar: Onited States, $2.00 a year: other conntries. &» » ye»r. InT»riably in advance.

TTpTriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiii||i^^^^^

1869 — 600 Branches — 1919

The Royal Bank of Canada

The Famef's Wife should have a Bank Account.'

Sometimes the money re- ceived from, the sale of her eggs and butter is not deposited in the bank and she gets no benefit from them.

The staff of this bank Is trained to be especially courteous to ladles not familiar with banking ways.

CAPITAL AND RESERVES $33,000,000 TOTAL RESOURCES - $470,000,000

New BMklct

•'Review of the Bond Market in Canada/or 1919"

Contents Canadian Financial Conditions in retro- spect. Trend of prices of Investment Secur- ties. Comparative Statistics Bond Sales in the United States and Canada. 1919 Victory Loan figures. A refer- ence booklet issued annually for investors in Canadian Securities.

Copy mailed free

on request

DonmiOff ^BOIRITIES

(.ONBON, CnS.

MONTREftL. P.O.

Ti4,yiiiTT?iiiT?iinTiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiTrm

Entered as secotiii -class ma,ttcr July 1. 1912, at the Post Office at Buffalo, under the Act of LVIareh 3ra, IKffl. Entered as second-claaa matter a.t the Post Office Dep&rtment, OtUwa.

LONDON CONCRETE MIXER NO. 4

eqnipped with "NOVO- DUST PROOF GASO- LINE ENGINE. Capa- city 40 cu. yds. per day.

This machine is esi>ecially suitable for small jobs. It is built to last a lifetime. Saves the price of itself in thirty days' use. Write for catalogue No. 1-K. Agents wanted in all un- occupied territory. London Concrete Machinery Co., Ltd., Dept. D. London, Ontario. World's Laiigcst Manufacturers of Ckmcrete Machinery.

WE BUY GINSENG

both Wild and Cultivated at highest

Prices. If you want reports on Fur or

Ginseng, send for free quotations

containing full particulars

H. A. SCHOENEN & SON

■ 3* W. 23tli Street

NEW YORK CITY

Farmers' Magazine

Investments 6 Insurance

For tKe Farmer

West Expects Period of Sound Expansion

By J. CORTLAND ELLIOTT

IN attempting to sense the tone of financial activities in Western Can- ada, one is impressed with two pre- dominant facts. In the first place, that unbounded optimism' which surges for- ward in the Western land of opportun- ity on every occasion, in spite of dis- heartening handicaps, is manifss)c; and, secondly, a determined attempt is hieing made to place the West upoii a firm financial basis, that is, to con- solidate the position of the various financial institutions, wihether they be public or pr.vate.

As it is a land young in years of development and not yet near the peak of possible prosperity, the West- erner still instinctively feels the poten- tialities of the country, and three years of poor crops have not dampened his enthusiasm f:r the Prairie Provinces. The natural handicaps and Government restrictions under which the Western farmers have been laboring in the past few years have been enough to cool the ardor of the most optim.istic, but with characteristic zeal, they have kept their eyes upon an alluring vista of the era of readjustment in Can- ada. In Alberta the drought in the glazing lands gave cause for mucii anxiety and the lack of rain in parts of Saskatchewan, together with other natural and artificial hindrances, caused intense suffering in some com- munities where farmers, for years, garnered from their fields hardly suf- ficient grain to provide seed for the subsequent seasons. The tales that are told now of the misery of some men and their families who were faced with starvation and who were saved only through the assistance that a sympathetic public gave them con- firm the idea that the pioneer days in the West are not yet over. Neverthe- less, the charm and spell of the broad prairie land and the firm conviction that "next year will be all right" have done much to maintain a spirit of op- timism under discouraging circum- stances, and the splendid pioneer at- titude that is found in the smaller communities and on the farms has been reflected in the outlook of the urban dwellers. Though Government fixation of the price of wheat has caused a rankling feeling in the minds of the Western farmer, the yields in some districts have been sufficient to compensate them, and the prosperity of the cities, which in large part de- pends upon the prosperi'ty of the sur- rounding country, has been maintained to a lare-e extent. The splendid pi- triotic soirit which was manifested durine the war has been sustained and the liberal subsT!t)t''''ns to the last Victory Loan indicated that the We=t had monev to invest for Canada. On the_ w>>o]e. the ootimistic spirit noticeab'p at the beg-nning of the new year 1920 — ^in nart. perhaps, an in- evitable concomitant of an era of ris- ing pries — gives one the impression that bus-'n°ss is go^d and will be bet- ter in sD'te of obstacles to complete prosperity.

FARMS SELL TO REAL FARMERS

/^NE feature of the activity in ^^ Western farm lands is the large percentage of purchasers who intend to farm their properties themselves. One Winnipeg real estate dealer, who has negotiated many sales for farms during the past six months, states that in 80 per cent, of the cases the land was sold to the men who will settle there.

This fact is of interest, as it indi- cates that the heavy demand for good

farms in the West that has been ap- parent during the past s.x mon.tns has been of a stable nature and has net partaken of the nature of land speculation.

It is estimated by some that since the movement from the United States to Western Canada commenced last spring farm lands have increased 20 per cent, in value.

VICTORY LOAN DREW ON SAVINGS

A DECLINE in savings deposits of $124 888,707, as shown by the banJc statement to the end of Novem- ber, indicates the influence o fVictory Loan subscriptions upon the finances of the people However, tins was off- set to some ext'c!ii~ by an increase in demand deposits, the net results b«- ing that total deposits were only cut down by $101;511,359. As compared with th's there was a decline in all deposits during November a year ago of over $115,000,000, as the result of payments then maJs on Victory bonds. It is interesting to note, how- ever, that total Canadian deposits at the end of November were over $260,- 000 000 more than a year ago, while there was also an increase of over $37,000,000 in foreign deposits.

An increase of more than $84,000,- 000 in current loans indicates how the banks are making use of their en- larged funds. Current loans are now over $106,000,000 greater than they were a year ago. Canadian call loans show an increase of $21,205,079 for the month, and $36,079,406 for the year, and foreign call loans, while in- creased by $11,432,795 for the month, were still $1,408,852 lower than a year ago.

BRITISH MERGER

A N agreement has been reached for ■^^ fusion of the National Provincial and Union Bank of England and Coutts & Company's Bank. The Coutts Bank is one of the oldest and best known in the country. At one time its customers included a large number of the aristoc)racy of Enil- land.

SEEK EXPERIENCES OF SETTLERS IN CANADA

I'l order that the Department of Im- migration and Colonization may have at its command authentic accounts of the experiences of successful settlers in various parts of Canada, it has been decided to offer cash prizes for letters or articles not exceed'ng two thousand words, written bv settlers in each of the nino Canadian Provinces. The articles will be judged by a committee to be ap- pointed by Hon. J. A. Calder, minister of immigration and colonization, and shouM be mailed not later than Febru- ary 14th, 1920. to the director of pubb'- citv for the department. Three cash prizes will be given, one of seventy-five dollars, rne of fifty dollars and one of twenty-five dollars, in each of the nine provinces.

FARMER'S ACCOUNT BOOK A /TR. FARMER, if you require a book ■^''A which will give you a complete, yet simple method of keeping your ac- counts, with blank forms already ruled, apply to the Commission of Conserva- tion, for the "Farmer's Account Book." If you have never keipt books before, this book will teach you. There is no better time than the beginning of the year. Start now. Write to the Com- mission of Conservation, Ottawa.

A SAVINGS

ACCOUNT

It is always well to have a Savinfjs Account upon which interest is regularly paid and from which yoU are free to draw at any time should you have a good oppor- tunity to buy stock or feed. A Savings Account is Ready ]\Ioney. ^^^

THE CANADIAN BANK OF COMMERCE

HEAD OFFICE -- TORONTO Capital Paid Up $15,000,000 Reserve Fund $15,000,000

Your Government

made it possible for you to buy

Victory Bonds

out of your monthly savings. We can now offer you any bonds or other investment securities you desire on the

Same Plan

Full particulart tent upon reauest

Thornton Davidson & Co., Limited

Transportation Building

MONTREAL

The New Year

suggests new resolutions — improvement where im- provement is needed.

Consider the matter of your Life Insurance. Is there room for "Improvement" here?

Start the New Year well by arranging this vital matter of protection.

Look into the Policies of The Great-West Life. You will find them inexpensive — liberal — profitable.

Ask for rates and printed matter.

The Great- West Life Assurance Company

Dept. "W" Head Office, Winnipeg

1920 Desk, Calendar jree on request

Head Office, Toronto

TWO DOLLARS will only buy to-day

what One Dollar bought ten years ago.

Plan to carry $5000 insurance

Excelsior Life Insurance Co.

Write to-day for specimen policy and literature

The Financial Post

is a paper treating of finance in a broad way. It gets behind the figures to the facts which shape the fig- ures. It will help you to that sane understanding and bal- anced viewpoint necessary to the leaders in each community. Subscription price $3.00 per year (52 issues).

THE FINANCIAL POST

143-153 University Ave., TORONTO

Montreal

Winnipeg

Farmei's' Magazine

MADE

The Road Has Proved This Tread

ALL experience, all research, simply add proof to our claim that there is no better tread — for rear wheels or front — than the Goodyear All-Weather Tread.

No tread has been subjected to more severe tests or closer

observation.

On the Road — millions of motorists have jealously watched its quality and its work.

In the Goodyear Plant — constant research and continual experiment- ing aimed at a better tread.

PVom such observation and study came the Goodyear success. For it showed liow to make tires that give more mileage, less trouble. It produced the crowning Goodyear achievement — the Goodyear Cord Tire. Yet the All-Weather Tread stands unchanged, defying improvement.

All-Weather Tires are All-Wheel Tires.

The sharp-edged blocks are arranged to roll like a ribbed tread. But — made of tough rubber — they resist skidding : take you out of ruts, around slippery comers, across ice-bound car tracks.

Through soft surfaces they cut to a solid footing.

Front wheels are kept under easy and absolute control.

With Goodyear All-Weather Treads on four wheels and the spare, changing tires does not spoil the balanced appear- ance of your car.

Meet the winter weather, prepared with Goodyear All- Weather Treads on all wheels. Go to a Goodyear Service Station Dealer for tires and mileage-making service.

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. of Canada, Limited

Tfrf Manij invprovenveats — but^

V-?

alwaijs the ALL-\VEAfflER TREAD

All-Weather Tires are All-Wheel Tires '

AGAZINE

Canada's National E4rm Magazine

Number 1

From Poverty to Millions in Six Years

A Farmer's Development in Business in Ontario That Reads Like

a Romance— 5y MACKENZIE HALL

PREVIOUS to the Great War, Ontario farmers were often electrified wherever the story was told of the wonderful fights against terrible odds that had been put up by the prairie farmers to get living returns from their wheat. The narrative of their small beginnings, of their fight to get on the Grain Exchange, of their losses in the export business, of their final successes — all told in a most matter-of- fact way by the leaders in this move- ment, showed to Ontario farmers how much could be done by getting together. Little indeed did any one of their listen- ers think that the farmer-folk of the old conservative Province of Ontario would ever rise to such a position as to claim kinship with these big Western Brothers in the matter of business and co-operation. Such an end looked like a ttistant dream, a mirage that often mocked them as they neared it in former Patron and Grange movements. For- lorn expressions of impossibility and de- feat were heard on every side. It was out of the question to talk co-operative business! We had nothing to handle in a large way like the wheat growers of the plains. Yet John Kennedy, of the Grain Growers, kept on tailking to On- tario fellows as the great plain people, and urging them on to a goal that seem- ed aeons away.

Strangely enough, everyone has again been mistaken. From quiet, s'ow-mov- ing, doubting farm homes of the Prov- ince, a new spirit hag arisen. From the ashes of former defeats has arisen sud- denly the flowering head of a new move- ment, promising in its appearance, cheerful in its outlook, bearing a frag- rance that has au«iady filled the whole Province from Lion's Head to the Lan- caster Cairn with its perfume. The United Farmers' Co-operative Company, Limited, which has just held its sixth annual convention, shows a total busi- ness handled for the year ending October 30th, 1919, of $8,500,000. Ontario farm- ers have spoken rn millions and hurled back in thunderous tones, on October the 20th last, the challenge to our great Western Provinces, that we were unable to teach them yet a few lessons in inde- pendent action. Secretary J. J. Morri- son, who, by the way, is growing more astute, more tactful in handling crowds with every passing year, showed the gradual grrowth by his series of figures.

cannot be expressed in dollars and cents, has been even more phenomenal. We have become such a factor in the business world that firms and combina- tions who in times past ignored, and in many cases refused to do business with us, are to-day seeking our patronage.

In March of this year we secured T. P. Loblaw as general manager of the company. He is a man of

The U.F.O. Co-operative Co. Growth

1914 total sales were $ 33,000

1915 " " " 226,000

1916 " " " 410,385

1917 " " " 918,197

1918 " " " 1,765,378

1919 ** " " 8,500,000

While these figures, says Morrison, show a most remarkable growth, yet our gfrowth in prestige end influence, which

" >i.i:^P''"''*it,«jl*j|S

■■«^ '*■■'-<%«*•

The typical farm boy and his Airedale.

jLIERE'S to the readers of Farmers' Magazine who are starting on the New Year of 1920 with stich promising hopes I May Canada be worthy of her thousands of sturdy farm-reared lads and her pure- minded girls I For indeed there are many big fish in our untouched resources that must be caught by these same boys and girls. So, a Happy New Year to Each and All. — The Editors.

broad business experience, sterling idharacter and possesses unbounded enthusiasm and energy. His general make-up, together with his early training on a none too prosperous farm, has given him the rural viewpoint. Much of the success of the company dur- ing the past year is undoubtedly due to his untiring effort and to the organizing ability which he has dis- played in its management.

The business is now divided into three departments, viz.. Live Stock, Commis- sion and Co-operative Trading.

The opening up of the Live Stock Branch at West Toronto has proven a great success. It was one of the big- gest things we ever attempted, but after all, it is the big things that are worth while. It is only eight and a half months since this branch was opened and during that time we have handled over 3,000 cars of live stock, which sold for $6,- 467,957, and the department shows a handsome profit to our shippers as well as to the company, continued Mr, Morri- son in his annual report.

The live stock work has been carried on a charge of 77/100 of 1 per cent, of the turnover, but its profits amounted to $21,707.

The Commission Department, which handles all lines bought and soM on a commission basis, is ahoTving an excellent growth and gives promise of becoming a big factor in our development. On Friday last this department sold no less than fifty cars of flour and feed and in three weeks sold 2,000 tons of Standard Stock feed.

This department represents all business other than live stock and goods handled on a commission basis, such as binder twine, coal, implements, harness, separators, groceries, etc., either through branch stores or clubs. On account of its far-reaching effect and influenc^, the success of this department is very important. It requires very close attention and careful manage- ment. In the early part of the year we ran behind considerably in this branch of the business, the reasons for this were lack of organization and our inability to secure supplies at a price that would give no suflB- cient profit to cover overhead ex- penses, as well as difficulty in get- ting many commodities at alL

The margin of profit on goods handled in this department is very small, so that its success is largely a question of volume of business. This department is now in a very healthy condition and in our opinion is destined to become a big factor in our business organization. Continued on page 41

Farmers' Magazine

The U. F. O. Settles Down to Business

IN a little room in the Carls-Rite Hotel some six years ago a few men met together in the first annual meeting of the United Farmers' of Ontario, a new organization, born of the Grange and sponsored by the Farmers' Association, itself a scion of the Patrons of Industry. Six years have passed since, with their varied ups and downs, their twisting and pulling, their countryside gatherings and their Cen- tral meetings, but their ideals held true, so that 1919's U. F. 0. week, as the third week of December is now called, found Massey Hall, the biggest hall in Toronto, none too large to hold the awakened farmers.

R. H. Halbert, M.P., the newly-elected member for North Ontario, as President of the U. F. 0., occu- pied the chair and conducted the m.eetings, assisted at various intervals by other leaders of the move- ment, such as W. A. Amos, of Palmerston; R. W. E. Bumaby, of York County; J. J. Morrison, Secretary; A. A. Powers, of Durham County, and W. C. Good, of Brant. The various county representatives were located easily the first day of the gathering by big signs scattered all over the big auditorium.

The big event for the public was the evening meet- ing, when all the members of the Cabinet were on the platform and addressed their own organization for the first time. The impression created by these new Ministers was favorable, indeed. Many a farmer from Bruce or Glengarry was heard to say as he left the hall that it was simply wonderful how well they have risen to their jobs.

President Halbert, who is nothing if not a fighter, if necessary with his coat oflf, gave an address that shows considerable development and capacity since he first harangued an audience. He said, in part:

"Since our last annual meeting a great many changes have taken place, our organization has grown in numbers and also in importance. The farmers have come to the front by leaps and bounds until we find ourselves to-day with the government of this Province on our shoulders, and while our elected men may, and no doubt will make mistakes, yet we feel confident that they will give us honest, staple, sane and economic government, not subservient to the big interests, or not to give the farmers undue privileges, but to truly represent the ideals and aspirations of the great masses of the people. The present crisis in the U. F. 0. is a time of test which comes to all j-oung organizations. Differences of opinion no doubt will occasionally arise, but I trust at this critical tim« in the history of the movement there will be no dissension, but that each and every member, by patient effort and hard work, will assist to build up this organization, which is second to none in this Province for its clearness of vision, sanity of purpose and adherence to democratic principles. It is a splen- did tribute to human character when we find men and women willing to die for democracy, as so many of our people have done, but as seen in the test of every-day life there are few who are able to live for democracy. When as a people we have learned to live for this principle it will not be necessary for so many to die for it in the future. It is really the living for a principle that truly establishes it. Jus- tice, usefulness and kindness should be the cardinal principles of our organization. This is not a move- ment of a few leaders, but a movement of the people and for the people. Its success will depend upon its sane policies and wise leadership. Everyone who has the true interest of the Dominion at heart desires to see the present unrest satisfactorily settled. This can be done by an honest effort on the part of all. This organization has been formed as democratic as democracy knows how to make it. No doubt with experience many improvements will be made, but the basis of the situation will stand because it has been laid upon a rock, which rock is democratic responsi- bility. Upon the shoulders of the individual in each local club rests the responsibility for the spirit and form of the movement, and upon them, too, must rest the praise or blame for whatever the U. F. 0. may be able to accomplish. Let us emphasize again the great importance of good leadership— leadership in the clubs, leadership in the counties and leadership in the Province. This is a vital matter, and its im- portance cannot be overlooked.

"The past year has been a very trying and strenu- ous one for the leaders of this movement. We have had to take some very strong positions on short notice; we did so believing we had the support of the organization. We have been ridiculed, slandered and abused. Every means possible has been used to di>5Credit the organization and its leaders. All the

By ELUID KESTER

Fragments from Hon. T. A. Crerar's Speech at the U..F. O.

"The success • of an organization should not be measured by the number of its ranks, but by the spirit of the organization."

"It is natural that farmers should organize. Agriculture is the greatest industry in the Dominion, and it is a perfectly proper thing, an eminently wise thing, that those engaged in the industry should meet as you are, to consider questions of public policy."

"/ am not one to criticize the Governments of the past. Our Governments are pretty m,uch as the people who select them and elect them."

"Our soldiers who come back broken in spirit and body must not be left to want. It is a debt of honor which will be discharged by the Cana- dian people."

"It is not so much the amount of taxes you raise as the manner in which you raise them."

"I am not one of those who believe that any one class, whether farnters or laborers or m,an- ufacturers, should have the whole say' in any Government. Our fartners have not had a fair share in the government of Canada."

"Protection is a weapon ci-eated by legislation to keep goods out of the country to benefit the manufacturing class."

"Moreover, the customs tax is an indirect taxation, and when one buys a $10 pair of boots he seldom, stops to think that it may possibly represent a tax of from $2 to $3 for the boots."

"One of the best ways to help the Canadian manufacture is to make Canxtda a cheap country to live in."

"The manufacturers find that it is hard to ' keep labor in Canada, hi the United States you find that taxes on consumption are 20 per cent., or were in 1917 and 1918, while in Can- ada they were 80 per cent. If the working- men have to contribute 20 per cent, in the United States as agahist 80 per cent, in Canada, where are the workingmen going to go?"

W. H. Casselman, M.F.H. for Dunuas Co., U F.O.. a man who is bound to take a promi- nent place in the wt>rk of the next legislature.

organized forces of our opponents are fighting us tooth and nail, because they are now alive to the fact that the common people are welding themselves to- gether as a fighting force, and when they gain strength it will mean an end to the class and party rule of the past. This is the path of all new move- ments, once they prove to be worth while, all the opposing elements will do their utmost to stem the tide. The strong opposition we are receiving at the present time goes to show that this organization is something to be reckoned with, and is now get- ting somewhere. I appeal to every farmer and every worker to join at once and get ready for the great battle which is before us. As Lincoln is reported to have said, 'No country can exist half slave and half free' — neither can we exist in Canada to-day and enjoy any freedom unless the ever-increasing power of the moneyed aristocracy is overthrown. The man who would be free, he himself must strike the blow, stop lamenting about our ills, do not lock for a Moses from those who are now on our backs, to bring us out of Egyptian slavery. We must do it ourselves. Let all who can take his or her part in the battle. We are only at the beginning of things in Canada to-day. It is what the people say and do that counts. Let me here point out two things which we want to guard against and keep in their proper place — first, our success commercially may have a tendency to commercialize the organization and draw it away from its higher motives, and again our success polit- ically may have an intoxicating effect, and, while both are essential to the growth and usefulness of the organization, we must not allow either or both to strangle our ideals as citizens.

"I am willing to work with any man, regardless of color, race, creed or nationality, who has the true ideals of Canadian citizenship and willing to work with me to establish the brotherhood of man in this country, ^nd yet we have people who are to-day fan- ning the flames of discord, jealousy and antagonism. I once thought that the man who looted the public treasury was the gl-eatest enemy the nation had, but to my mind there is one still worse and that is the one who for reasons I care not what, stirs the fire of racial and religious passion, thereby setting in action agencies that are the gTeatest menace and danger to the public weal to-day. Such agencies should be crushed and crushed so mercilessly that they will never again arise from the oblivion to which they should be forever consigned, to the end that we may all work together to make Canada the best country in the world to live in."

Secretary J. .J. Morrison gave a detailed report of the working of the organization and had his finger at all times on the pulse of the rural electorate. He knows rural Ontario as do few men and his judg- ment is sound. He never cringes to anyone. He is courageous and sensible to a degree.

He has a new plan for further organization whereby the U. F. O. tenets will be preached to the uttermost parts of the Province.

He also sounded a note of warning relative to the movement that care be taken to avoid the party pitfalls.

W. C. Good, of Paris, handled a hard subject well — the relation of the political, commercial and educa- tional sides to the U. F. 0. His paper was long, but his arguments all worth further perusal.

W. A. Amos, of Palmerston, made one of his best appeals for further organization and consolidation of rural movements for the betterment of the people.

Some Items of Interest

The election for the Presidency of the U. F. 0. narrowed down to two men^ — W. A. Amos and R. W. E. Burnaby, the latter vnnning out.

The farmers took up a collection for the Sick Children's Hospital and raised $748, the money being collected in new milk pans, which, as J. J. Morrison said, would not jingle if bills were used.

The type of men who